![]() ![]() Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure. A universal definition of HF, proposed in 2021 by the Heart Failure Society of America, the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Japanese Heart Failure Society, describes HF as "a clinical syndrome with symptoms and/or signs caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion". ![]() It can result from any cardiac disease that compromises ventricular systolic or diastolic function or both. Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which the heart is unable to generate a cardiac output sufficient to meet the demands of the body without increasing diastolic pressure. Interventions that have a proven beneficial impact on patient survival include angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-II receptor antagonists, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, hydralazine and nitrates, cardiac re-synchronisation therapy, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide can be useful in the evaluation of patients at initial presentation. The single most useful diagnostic test in the evaluation of patients is the comprehensive 2-dimensional echocardiogram coupled with Doppler flow studies. The key manifestations are dyspnoea and fatigue, which may limit exercise tolerance, and fluid retention, which may lead to pulmonary congestion and peripheral oedema.ĭiagnosis is largely clinical a thorough history and physical examination should be obtained to identify cardiac and non-cardiac disorders or behaviours that might cause congestive heart failure or accelerate progression. ![]() It is the only cardiovascular disease that is increasing in incidence and prevalence, partly because the population is ageing, but also because of improved cardiovascular interventions for disease processes that reduce early mortality but may result in cardiac changes that lead to heart failure. It is a major and growing public health problem. Chronic heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood. ![]()
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